Why Do Cramps Happen?

During menstruation, the uterus contracts to help shed its lining. These contractions are triggered by hormone-like chemicals called prostaglandins. Higher levels of prostaglandins can cause stronger uterine contractions, which may reduce blood flow to the uterine muscle and lead to pain.

Symptoms can include:

• Aching or cramping pain in the lower abdomen
• Pain that radiates to the lower back or thighs
• Pressure in the pelvis
• Nausea
• Headaches
• Diarrhea or loose stools
• Fatigue

The pain often starts 1–3 days before or at the beginning of a period and is usually worst during the first 24–48 hours.

Secondary dysmenorrhea refers to cramps caused by an underlying medical condition, such as:

• Endometriosis
• Uterine fibroids
• Adenomyosis
• Pelvic inflammatory disease

What Can Help?

Many people find relief with:

• A heating pad or hot water bottle on the lower abdomen
• Gentle exercise, stretching, or walking
• Adequate sleep and hydration
• Over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen or naproxen, if safe for you to take

When Should You See a Healthcare Professional?

Consider seeking medical advice if:

• Cramps are severe enough to interfere with daily activities.
• Pain suddenly becomes much worse than usual.
• Cramps begin for the first time after age 25.
• You have very heavy bleeding, fever, or unusual vaginal discharge.
• Over-the-counter treatments don't help.

Period Weight Gain and Appetite Changes

It is common for weight, appetite, and food cravings to change around the time of a menstrual period. These changes are usually temporary and are influenced by hormonal fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle.

Why Does Weight Increase During a Period?

A small amount of weight gain before or during a period is common. This does not necessarily mean that you have gained body fat.

Hormonal changes can cause the body to retain more water and salt. This can lead to temporary bloating and an increase on the scale. Constipation and changes in digestion can also contribute.

Common Causes of Temporary Weight Gain

• Water retention
• Bloating
• Changes in digestion or bowel movements
• Increased appetite
• Eating more salty or carbohydrate-rich foods

This temporary increase usually decreases after the period as hormone levels change and the body releases excess fluid.

Why Does Appetite Change?

Appetite can increase during the days leading up to a period. Hormonal fluctuations can affect hunger, fullness, mood, and the body's energy needs.

Some people feel significantly hungrier before their period, while others notice little or no change in appetite.

Why Do Period Cravings Happen?

Food cravings are also common during the menstrual cycle. Some people may particularly crave sweet, salty, or carbohydrate-rich foods. Remember to listen to your body and eat when you're hungry. Love your body and you'll love yourself!

Period Mood Swings

Mood changes are common around the time of a menstrual period. Some people may feel more emotional, irritable, anxious, or down than usual before or during their period. These changes are often related to hormonal fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle.

Why Do Periods Affect Mood?

Hormone levels naturally change throughout the menstrual cycle. In the days leading up to a period, levels of hormones such as estrogen and progesterone change significantly.

These hormonal changes can affect brain chemicals involved in mood, including serotonin. As a result, some people may notice temporary changes in their emotions, energy, sleep, or stress levels.

What Can Period Mood Swings Feel Like?

Mood-related symptoms can vary from person to person. Common symptoms include:

• Irritability or feeling easily frustrated
• Feeling more emotional than usual
• Sudden changes in mood
• Feeling sad or tearful
• Anxiety or nervousness
• Increased sensitivity to stress
• Difficulty concentrating
• Feeling tired or lacking energy

When Do Mood Swings Happen?

Mood changes often become noticeable during the week or two before a period and may improve once menstruation begins or shortly afterward. The exact timing and severity can vary from person to person.